Linux的初始内核自解压分析


  概述

  1)Linux的初始内核映象以gzip压缩文件的格式存放在zImage或bzImage之中,内核的自举代码将它解压到1M内存开始处.在内核初始化时, 如果加载了压缩的initrd映象, 内核会将它解压到内存盘中,这两处解压过程都使用了lib/inflate.c文件.

  2)inflate.c是从gzip源程序中分离出来的, 包含了一些对全局数据的直接引用,在使用时需要直接嵌入到代码中.gzip压缩文件时总是在前32K字节的范围内寻找重复的字符串进行编码,在解压时需要一个至少为32K字节的解压缓冲区,它定义为window[WSIZE].inflate.c使用get_byte()读取输入文件,它被定义成宏来提高效率.输入缓冲区指针必须定义为inptr, inflate.c中对之有减量操作.inflate.c调用flush_window()来输出window缓冲区中的解压出的字节串,每次输出长度用outcnt变量表示.在flush_window()中, 还必须对输出字节串计算CRC并且刷新crc变量. 在调用gunzip()开始解压之前,调用makecrc()初始化CRC计算表. 最后gunzip()返回0表示解压成功.

  3)zImage或bzImage由16位引导代码和32位内核自解压映象两个部分组成. 对于zImage,内核自解压映象被加载到物理地址0x1000, 内核被解压到1M的部位. 对于bzImage,内核自解压映象被加载到1M开始的地方,内核被解压为两个片段,一个起始于物理地址0x2000-0x90000,另一个起始于高端解压映象之后,离1M开始处不小于低端片段最大长度的区域. 解压完成后,这两个片段被合并到1M的起始位置.
  解压根内存盘映象文件的代码
  --------------------------
  ; drivers/block/rd.c
  #ifdef BUILD_CRAMDISK
  
  #define OF(args) args ; 用于函数原型声明的宏
  #ifndef memzero
  #define memzero(s, n) memset ((s), 0, (n))
  #endif
  typedef unsigned char uch; 定义inflate.c所使用的3种数据类型
  typedef unsigned short ush;
  typedef unsigned long ulg;
  #define INBUFSIZ 4096 用户输入缓冲区尺寸
  #define WSIZE 0x8000
  
  static uch *inbuf; 用户输入缓冲区,与inflate.c无关
  static uch *window; 解压窗口
  static unsigned insize;
  static unsigned inptr;
  static unsigned outcnt;
  static int exit_code;
  static long bytes_out; 总解压输出长度,与inflate.c无关
  static struct file *crd_infp, *crd_outfp;
  #define get_byte() (inptr
   一些调试宏
  #define Assert(cond,msg)
  #define Trace(x)
  #define Tracev(x)
  #define Tracevv(x)
  #define Tracec(c,x)
  #define Tracecv(c,x)
  #define STATIC static
  static int fill_inbuf(void);
  static void flush_window(void);
  static void *malloc(int size);
  static void free(void *where);
  static void error(char *m);
  static void gzip_mark(void **);
  static void gzip_release(void **);
  #include "../../lib/inflate.c"
  static void __init *malloc(int size)
  {
  return kmalloc(size, GFP_KERNEL);
  }
  static void __init free(void *where)
  {
  kfree(where);
  }
  static void __init gzip_mark(void **ptr)
  {
  ; 读取用户一个标记
  }
  static void __init gzip_release(void **ptr)
  {
  ; 归还用户标记
  }
  
  static int __init fill_inbuf(void) 填充输入缓冲区
  {
  if (exit_code) return -1;
  insize = crd_infp->f_op->read(crd_infp, inbuf, INBUFSIZ,
  if (insize == 0) return -1;
  inptr = 1;
  return inbuf[0];
  }
  
  static void __init flush_window(void) 输出window缓冲区中outcnt个字节串
  {
  ulg c = crc;
  unsigned n;
  uch *in, ch;
  crd_outfp->f_op->write(crd_outfp, window, outcnt,
  in = window;
  for (n = 0; n ch = *in++;
  c = crc_32_tab[((int)c ^ ch) 0xff] ^ (c >> 8); 计算输出串的CRC
  }
  crc = c;
  bytes_out += (ulg)outcnt; 刷新总字节数
  outcnt = 0;
  }
  static void __init error(char *x) 解压出错调用的函数
  {
  printk(KERN_ERR "%s", x);
  exit_code = 1;
  }
  static int __init
  crd_load(struct file * fp, struct file *outfp)
  {
  int result;
  insize = 0;
  inptr = 0;
  outcnt = 0;
  exit_code = 0;
  bytes_out = 0;
  crc = (ulg)0xffffffffL;
  crd_infp = fp;
  crd_outfp = outfp;
  inbuf = kmalloc(INBUFSIZ, GFP_KERNEL);
  if (inbuf == 0) {
  printk(KERN_ERR "RAMDISK: Couldn't allocate gzip buffer\n");
  return -1;
  }
  window = kmalloc(WSIZE, GFP_KERNEL);
  if (window == 0) {
  printk(KERN_ERR "RAMDISK: Couldn't allocate gzip window\n");
  kfree(inbuf);
  return -1;
  }
  makecrc();
  result = gunzip();
  kfree(inbuf);
  kfree(window);
  return result;
  }
  #endif
  32位内核自解压代码
  ------------------
  ; arch/i386/boot/compressed/head.S
  .text
  #include ·
  #include
  .globl startup_32 对于zImage该入口地址为0x1000; 对于bzImage为0x101000
  startup_32:
  cld
  cli
  movl $(__KERNEL_DS),%eax
  movl %eax,%ds
  movl %eax,%es
  movl %eax,%fs
  movl %eax,%gs
  lss SYMBOL_NAME(stack_start),%esp # 自解压代码的堆栈为misc.c中定义的16K字节的数组
  xorl %eax,%eax
  1: incl %eax # check that A20 really IS enabled
  movl %eax,0x000000 # loop forever if it isn't
  cmpl %eax,0x100000
  je 1b
  
  pushl $0
  popfl
  
  xorl %eax,%eax
  movl $ SYMBOL_NAME(_edata),%edi
  movl $ SYMBOL_NAME(_end),%ecx
  subl %edi,%ecx
  cld
  rep
  stosb
  
  subl $16,%esp # place for structure on the stack
  movl %esp,%eax
  pushl %esi # real mode pointer as second arg
  pushl %eax # address of structure as first arg
  call SYMBOL_NAME(decompress_kernel)
  orl %eax,%eax # 如果返回非零,则表示为内核解压为低端和高端的两个片断
  jnz 3f
  popl %esi # discard address
  popl %esi # real mode pointer
  xorl %ebx,%ebx
  ljmp $(__KERNEL_CS), $0x100000 # 运行start_kernel
  
  3:
  movl $move_routine_start,%esi
  movl $0x1000,%edi
  movl $move_routine_end,%ecx
  subl %esi,%ecx
  addl $3,%ecx
  shrl $2,%ecx # 按字取整
  cld
  rep
  movsl # 将内核片断合并代码复制到0x1000区域, 内核的片段起始为0x2000
  popl %esi # discard the address
  popl %ebx # real mode pointer
  popl %esi # low_buffer_start 内核低端片段的起始地址
  popl %ecx # lcount 内核低端片段的字节数量
  popl %edx # high_buffer_start 内核高端片段的起始地址
  popl %eax # hcount 内核高端片段的字节数量
  movl $0x100000,%edi 内核合并的起始地址
  cli # make sure we don't get interrupted
  ljmp $(__KERNEL_CS), $0x1000 # and jump to the move routine
  
  move_routine_start:
  movl %ecx,%ebp
  shrl $2,%ecx
  rep
  movsl # 按字拷贝第1个片段
  movl %ebp,%ecx
  andl $3,%ecx
  rep
  movsb # 传送不完全字
  movl %edx,%esi
  movl %eax,%ecx # NOTE: rep movsb won't move if %ecx == 0
  addl $3,%ecx
  shrl $2,%ecx # 按字对齐
  rep
  movsl # 按字拷贝第2个片段
  movl %ebx,%esi # Restore setup pointer
  xorl %ebx,%ebx
  ljmp $(__KERNEL_CS), $0x100000 # 运行start_kernel
  move_routine_end:
  ; arch/i386/boot/compressed/misc.c
  
  #define OF(args) args
  #define STATIC static
  #undef memset
  #undef memcpy
  #define memzero(s, n) memset ((s), 0, (n))
  ypedef unsigned char uch;
  typedef unsigned short ush;
  typedef unsigned long ulg;
  #define WSIZE 0x8000
  
  static uch *inbuf;
  static uch window[WSIZE];
  static unsigned insize = 0;
  static unsigned inptr = 0;
  static unsigned outcnt = 0;
  
  #define ASCII_FLAG 0x01
  #define CONTINUATION 0x02
  #define EXTRA_FIELD 0x04
  #define ORIG_NAME 0x08
  #define COMMENT 0x10
  #define ENCRYPTED 0x20
  #define RESERVED 0xC0
  #define get_byte() (inptr
  
  #ifdef DEBUG
  # define Assert(cond,msg) {if(!(cond)) error(msg);}
  # define Trace(x) fprintf x
  # define Tracev(x) {if (verbose) fprintf x ;}
  # define Tracevv(x) {if (verbose>1) fprintf x ;}
  # define Tracec(c,x) {if (verbose (c)) fprintf x ;}
  # define Tracecv(c,x) {if (verbose>1 (c)) fprintf x ;}
  #else
  # define Assert(cond,msg)
  # define Trace(x)
  # define Tracev(x)
  # define Tracevv(x)
  # define Tracec(c,x)
  # define Tracecv(c,x)
  #endif
  static int fill_inbuf(void);
  static void flush_window(void);
  static void error(char *m);
  static void gzip_mark(void **);
  static void gzip_release(void **);
  
  static unsigned char *real_mode;
  #define EXT_MEM_K (*(unsigned short *)(real_mode + 0x2))
  #ifndef STANDARD_MEMORY_BIOS_CALL
  #define ALT_MEM_K (*(unsigned long *)(real_mode + 0x1e0))
  #endif
  #define SCREEN_INFO (*(struct screen_info *)(real_mode+0))
  extern char input_data[];
  extern int input_len;
  static long bytes_out = 0;
  static uch *output_data;
  static unsigned long output_ptr = 0;
  static void *malloc(int size);
  static void free(void *where);
  static void error(char *m);
  static void gzip_mark(void **);
  static void gzip_release(void **);
  static void puts(const char *);
  extern int end;
  static long free_mem_ptr = (long)
  static long free_mem_end_ptr;
  #define INPLACE_MOVE_ROUTINE 0x1000 内核片段合并代码的运行地址
  #define LOW_BUFFER_START 0x2000 内核低端解压片段的起始地址
  #define LOW_BUFFER_MAX 0x90000 内核低端解压片段的终止地址
  #define HEAP_SIZE 0x3000 为解压低码保留的堆的尺寸,堆起始于BSS的结束
  static unsigned int low_buffer_end, low_buffer_size;
  static int high_loaded =0��
  static uch *high_buffer_start ;
  static char *vidmem = (char *)0xb8000;
  static int vidport;
  static int lines, cols;
  #include "../../../../lib/inflate.c"
  static void *malloc(int size)
  {
  void *p;
  if (size if (free_mem_ptr
  free_mem_ptr = (free_mem_ptr + 3) ~3;
  p = (void *)free_mem_ptr;
  free_mem_ptr += size;
  if (free_mem_ptr >= free_mem_end_ptr)
  error("\nOut of memory\n");
  return p;
  }
  static void free(void *where)
  {
  }
  static void gzip_mark(void **ptr)
  {
  *ptr = (void *) free_mem_ptr;
  }
  static void gzip_release(void **ptr)
  {
  free_mem_ptr = (long) *ptr;
  }
  static void scroll(void)
  {
  int i;
  memcpy ( vidmem, vidmem + cols * 2, ( lines - 1 ) * cols * 2 );
  for ( i = ( lines - 1 ) * cols * 2; i vidmem[ i ] = ' ';
  }
  static void puts(const char *s)
  {
  int x,y,pos;
  char c;
  x = SCREEN_INFO.orig_x;
  y = SCREEN_INFO.orig_y;
  while ( ( c = *s++ ) != '\0' ) {
  if ( c == '\n' ) {
  x = 0;
  if ( ++y >= lines ) {
  scroll();
  y--;
  }
  } else {
  vidmem [ ( x + cols * y ) * 2 ] = c;
  if ( ++x >= cols ) {
  x = 0;
  if ( ++y >= lines ) {
  scroll();
  y--;
  }
  }
  }
  }
  SCREEN_INFO.orig_x = x;
  SCREEN_INFO.orig_y = y;
  pos = (x + cols * y) * 2;
  outb_p(14, vidport);
  outb_p(0xff (pos >> 9), vidport+1);
  outb_p(15, vidport);
  outb_p(0xff (pos >> 1), vidport+1);
  }
  void* memset(void* s, int c, size_t n)
  {
  int i;
  char *ss = (char*)s;
  for (i=0;i return s;
  }
  void* memcpy(void* __dest, __const void* __src,
  size_t __n)
  {
  int i;
  char *d = (char *)__dest, *s = (char *)__src;
  for (i=0;i return __dest;
  }
  
  static int fill_inbuf(void)
  {
  if (insize != 0) {
  error("ran out of input data\n");
  }
  inbuf = input_data;
  insize = input_len;
  inptr = 1;
  return inbuf[0];
  }
  
  static void flush_window_low(void)
  {
  ulg c = crc;
  unsigned n;
  uch *in, *out, ch;
  in = window;
  out =
  for (n = 0; n ch = *out++ = *in++;
  c = crc_32_tab[((int)c ^ ch) 0xff] ^ (c >> 8);
  }
  crc = c;
  bytes_out += (ulg)outcnt;
  output_ptr += (ulg)outcnt;
  outcnt = 0;
  }
  static void flush_window_high(void)
  {
  ulg c = crc;
  unsigned n;
  uch *in, ch;
  in = window;
  for (n = 0; n ch = *output_data++ = *in++;
  if ((ulg)output_data == low_buffer_end) output_data=high_buffer_start;
  c = crc_32_tab[((int)c ^ ch) 0xff] ^ (c >> 8);
  }
  crc = c;
  bytes_out += (ulg)outcnt;
  outcnt = 0;
  }
  static void flush_window(void)
  {
  if (high_loaded) flush_window_high();
  else flush_window_low();
  }
  static void error(char *x)
  {
  puts("\n\n");
  puts(x);
  puts("\n\n -- System halted");
  while(1);
  }
  #define STACK_SIZE (4096)
  long user_stack [STACK_SIZE];
  struct {
  long * a;
  short b;
  } stack_start = { user_stack [STACK_SIZE] , __KERNEL_DS };
  void setup_normal_output_buffer(void) 对于zImage, 直接解压到1M
  {
  #ifdef STANDARD_MEMORY_BIOS_CALL
  if (EXT_MEM_K #else
  if ((ALT_MEM_K > EXT_MEM_K ? ALT_MEM_K : EXT_MEM_K) #endif
  output_data = (char *)0x100000;
  free_mem_end_ptr = (long)real_mode;
  }
  struct moveparams {
  uch *low_buffer_start; int lcount;
  uch *high_buffer_start; int hcount;
  };
  void setup_output_buffer_if_we_run_high(struct moveparams *mv)
  {
  high_buffer_start = (uch *)(((ulg) + HEAP_SIZE);内核高端片段的最小起始地址
  #ifdef STANDARD_MEMORY_BIOS_CALL
  if (EXT_MEM_K #else
  if ((ALT_MEM_K > EXT_MEM_K ? ALT_MEM_K : EXT_MEM_K) #endif
  mv->low_buffer_start = output_data = (char *)LOW_BUFFER_START;
  low_buffer_end = ((unsigned int)real_mode > LOW_BUFFER_MAX
  ? LOW_BUFFER_MAX : (unsigned int)real_mode) ~0xfff;
  low_buffer_size = low_buffer_end - LOW_BUFFER_START;
  high_loaded = 1;
  free_mem_end_ptr = (long)high_buffer_start;
  if ( (0x100000 + low_buffer_size) > ((ulg)high_buffer_start)) {
  ; 如果高端片段的最小起始地址小于它实际应加载的地址,则将它置为实际地址,
  ; 这样高端片段就无需再次移动了,否则它要向前移动
  high_buffer_start = (uch *)(0x100000 + low_buffer_size);
  mv->hcount = 0;
  }
  else mv->hcount = -1; 待定
  mv->high_buffer_start = high_buffer_start;
  }
  void close_output_buffer_if_we_run_high(struct moveparams *mv)
  {
  if (bytes_out > low_buffer_size) {
  mv->lcount = low_buffer_size;
  if (mv->hcount)
  mv->hcount = bytes_out - low_buffer_size;求出高端片段的字节数
  } else { 如果解压后内核只有低端的一个片段
  mv->lcount = bytes_out;
  mv->hcount = 0;
  }
  }
  int decompress_kernel(struct moveparams *mv, void *rmode)
  {
  real_mode = rmode;
  if (SCREEN_INFO.orig_video_mode == 7) {
  vidmem = (char *) 0xb0000;
  vidport = 0x3b4;
  } else {
  vidmem = (char *) 0xb8000;
  vidport = 0x3d4;
  }
  lines = SCREEN_INFO.orig_video_lines;
  cols = SCREEN_INFO.orig_video_cols;
  if (free_mem_ptr else setup_output_buffer_if_we_run_high(mv);
  makecrc();
  puts("Uncompressing Linux... ");
  gunzip();
  puts("Ok, booting the kernel.\n");
  if (high_loaded) close_output_buffer_if_we_run_high(mv);
  return high_loaded;
  }

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