设备模型(device-model)之平台总线(bus),驱动(driver),设备(device),device-modelbus


关于关于驱动设备模型相关概念请参考《Linux Device Drivers》等相关书籍,和内核源码目录...\Documentation\driver-model

简单来说总线(bus),驱动(driver),设备(device)这三者之间的关系就是:驱动开发者可以通过总线(bus)来将驱动(driver)和设备(device)进行隔离,这样的好处就是开发者可以将相对稳定不变的驱动(driver)独立起来,可以通过总线(bus)来桥接与之匹配的设备(device)。设备(device)只需要提供与硬件相关的底层硬件的配置,如io,中断等。

platform.c 提供了一个平台总线(platform_bus),和注册平台设备(platform_device)和平台驱动(platform_driver)的相关接口,其中平台总线(platform_bus)已经编进内核,开发者只需要提供平台设备(platform_device)和平台驱动(platform_driver)的相关代码就行了。

在linux源码目录\drivers\input\keyboard下,提供了一个gpio_keys.c的平台驱动(platform_driver),这个就是一个简单地按键驱动,检测到按键状态,上报给输入子系统。

因此,开发者需要做的就是提供一个平台设备(platform_device),以向平台驱动(platform_driver)提供相关的硬件配置,如按键IO,中断号,按键码等等。

 

gpio_keys.c (不用任何改动)

  1 /*
  2  * Driver for keys on GPIO lines capable of generating interrupts.
  3  *
  4  * Copyright 2005 Phil Blundell
  5  *
  6  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
  7  * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
  8  * published by the Free Software Foundation.
  9  */
 10 
 11 #include <linux/module.h>
 12 #include <linux/version.h>
 13 
 14 #include <linux/init.h>
 15 #include <linux/fs.h>
 16 #include <linux/interrupt.h>
 17 #include <linux/irq.h>
 18 #include <linux/sched.h>
 19 #include <linux/pm.h>
 20 #include <linux/sysctl.h>
 21 #include <linux/proc_fs.h>
 22 #include <linux/delay.h>
 23 #include <linux/platform_device.h>
 24 #include <linux/input.h>
 25 #include <linux/irq.h>
 26 #include <linux/gpio_keys.h>
 27 
 28 #include <asm/gpio.h>
 29 
 30 static irqreturn_t gpio_keys_isr(int irq, void *dev_id)
 31 {
 32     int i;
 33     /* [cgw]: 在gpio_keys_probe()中调用了request_irq(..., pdev),
 34      * 因此dev_id指向了platform_device *pdev,通过dev_id间接传递
 35      * platform_device *指针
 36      */
 37     struct platform_device *pdev = dev_id;
 38     /* [cgw]: 当platform_device 和 platform_driver匹配时,会通过
 39      * probe()传递platform_device进来。在注册platform_device时,
 40      * platform_device.dev.platform_data必须指向gpio_keys_platform_data *
 41      */
 42     struct gpio_keys_platform_data *pdata = pdev->dev.platform_data;
 43     /* [cgw]: probe()中已分配了一个struct input_dev,并通过platform_set_drvdata()
 44      * 设置platform_device->dev->driver_data = input;
 45      */
 46     struct input_dev *input = platform_get_drvdata(pdev);
 47 
 48     /* [cgw]: 轮询pdata->nbuttons个按键 */
 49     for (i = 0; i < pdata->nbuttons; i++) {
 50         struct gpio_keys_button *button = &pdata->buttons[i];
 51         int gpio = button->gpio;
 52         
 53         /* [cgw]: 某个gpio发生了中断 */
 54         if (irq == gpio_to_irq(gpio)) {
 55             /* [cgw]: 获得按键类型 */
 56             unsigned int type = button->type ?: EV_KEY;
 57             /* [cgw]: 获取按键状态 */
 58             int state = (gpio_get_value(gpio) ? 1 : 0) ^ button->active_low;
 59             /* [cgw]: 发送按键事件 */
 60             input_event(input, type, button->code, !!state);
 61             /* [cgw]: 发送同步事件 */
 62             input_sync(input);
 63         }
 64     }
 65 
 66     return IRQ_HANDLED;
 67 }
 68 
 69 static int __devinit gpio_keys_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
 70 {
 71     /* [cgw]: 在gpio_keys_probe()中调用了request_irq(..., pdev),
 72      * 因此dev_id指向了platform_device *pdev,通过dev_id间接传递
 73      * platform_device *指针
 74      */
 75     struct gpio_keys_platform_data *pdata = pdev->dev.platform_data;
 76     struct input_dev *input;
 77     int i, error;
 78 
 79     /* [cgw]: 分配一个输入设备 */
 80     input = input_allocate_device();
 81     /* [cgw]: 分配失败 */
 82     if (!input)
 83         return -ENOMEM;
 84 
 85     /* [cgw]: 设置platform_device->dev->driver_data = input */
 86     platform_set_drvdata(pdev, input);
 87 
 88     /* [cgw]: 设置evdev.c支持的事件类型 */
 89     input->evbit[0] = BIT(EV_KEY);
 90     /* [cgw]: 设置输入设备名,同platform_device的名字 */
 91     input->name = pdev->name;
 92     /* [cgw]:  */
 93     input->phys = "gpio-keys/input0";
 94     /* [cgw]: 设置输入设备dev的父节点为platform_device->dev */
 95     input->dev.parent = &pdev->dev;
 96     
 97     /* [cgw]: 设置输入设备总线类型,供应商,产品,版本 */
 98     input->id.bustype = BUS_HOST;
 99     input->id.vendor = 0x0001;
100     input->id.product = 0x0001;
101     input->id.version = 0x0100;
102 
103     /* [cgw]: 为pdata->nbuttons个按键申请中断 */
104     for (i = 0; i < pdata->nbuttons; i++) {
105         struct gpio_keys_button *button = &pdata->buttons[i];
106         /* [cgw]: 获得gpio对应的中断号 */
107         int irq = gpio_to_irq(button->gpio);
108         /* [cgw]: 获得按键类型 */
109         unsigned int type = button->type ?: EV_KEY;
110 
111         /* [cgw]: 设置中断类型为边沿中断 */
112         set_irq_type(irq, IRQ_TYPE_EDGE_BOTH);
113         /* [cgw]: 申请中断,设置中断服务程序 */
114         error = request_irq(irq, gpio_keys_isr, IRQF_SAMPLE_RANDOM,
115                      button->desc ? button->desc : "gpio_keys",
116                      pdev);
117         if (error) {
118             printk(KERN_ERR "gpio-keys: unable to claim irq %d; error %d\n",
119                 irq, error);
120             goto fail;
121         }
122 
123         /* [cgw]: 设置evdev.c支持的按键码 */
124         input_set_capability(input, type, button->code);
125     }
126 
127     /* [cgw]: 注册一个输入设备 */
128     error = input_register_device(input);
129     /* [cgw]: 注册失败 */
130     if (error) {
131         printk(KERN_ERR "Unable to register gpio-keys input device\n");
132         goto fail;
133     }
134 
135     return 0;
136 
137  fail:
138     /* [cgw]: 释放中断 */
139     for (i = i - 1; i >= 0; i--)
140         free_irq(gpio_to_irq(pdata->buttons[i].gpio), pdev);
141     /* [cgw]: 释放输入设备占用的内存 */
142     input_free_device(input);
143 
144     return error;
145 }
146 
147 static int __devexit gpio_keys_remove(struct platform_device *pdev)
148 {
149     /* [cgw]: 在gpio_keys_probe()中调用了request_irq(..., pdev),
150      * 因此dev_id指向了platform_device *pdev,通过dev_id间接传递
151      * platform_device *指针
152      */
153     struct gpio_keys_platform_data *pdata = pdev->dev.platform_data;
154     /* [cgw]: probe()中已分配了一个struct input_dev,并通过platform_set_drvdata()
155      * 设置platform_device->dev->driver_data = input;
156      */
157     struct input_dev *input = platform_get_drvdata(pdev);
158     int i;
159 
160     /* [cgw]: 释放中断 */
161     for (i = 0; i < pdata->nbuttons; i++) {
162         int irq = gpio_to_irq(pdata->buttons[i].gpio);
163         free_irq(irq, pdev);
164     }
165 
166     /* [cgw]: 注销输入设备 */
167     input_unregister_device(input);
168 
169     return 0;
170 }
171 
172 struct platform_driver gpio_keys_device_driver = {
173     .probe        = gpio_keys_probe,
174     .remove        = __devexit_p(gpio_keys_remove),
175     .driver        = {
176         .name    = "gpio-keys",
177     }
178 };
179 
180 static int __init gpio_keys_init(void)
181 {
182     /* [cgw]: 注册gpio_keys_device_driver平台驱动 */
183     return platform_driver_register(&gpio_keys_device_driver);
184 }
185 
186 static void __exit gpio_keys_exit(void)
187 {
188     /* [cgw]: 注销gpio_keys_device_driver平台驱动 */
189     platform_driver_unregister(&gpio_keys_device_driver);
190 }
191 
192 module_init(gpio_keys_init);
193 module_exit(gpio_keys_exit);
194 
195 MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
196 MODULE_AUTHOR("Phil Blundell <pb@handhelds.org>");
197 MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Keyboard driver for CPU GPIOs");

 

平台设备(platform_device):
keys_dev.c

 1 #include <linux/module.h>
 2 #include <linux/version.h>
 3 
 4 #include <linux/init.h>
 5 
 6 #include <linux/kernel.h>
 7 #include <linux/types.h>
 8 #include <linux/interrupt.h>
 9 #include <linux/list.h>
10 #include <linux/timer.h>
11 #include <linux/init.h>
12 #include <linux/serial_core.h>
13 #include <linux/platform_device.h>
14 #include <linux/gpio_keys.h>
15 #include <linux/input.h>
16 #include <linux/irq.h>
17 
18 #include <asm/gpio.h>
19 #include <asm/io.h>
20 #include <asm/arch/regs-gpio.h>
21 
22 /* [cgw]: 设置四个按键的键码,按键io,激活状态,按键名,按键类型 */
23 static struct gpio_keys_button keys_buff[4] = {
24     {
25         KEY_A,
26         S3C2410_GPF0,
27         1,
28         "A",
29         EV_KEY
30     },
31     
32     {
33         KEY_B,
34         S3C2410_GPF2,
35         1,
36         "B",
37         EV_KEY
38     },
39 
40     {
41         KEY_C,
42         S3C2410_GPG3,
43         1,
44         "C",
45         EV_KEY
46     },
47 
48     {
49         KEY_D,
50         S3C2410_GPG11,
51         1,
52         "D",
53         EV_KEY
54     },
55 };
56 
57 
58 static struct gpio_keys_platform_data keys_dev = {
59     .buttons = &keys_buff[0],
60     .nbuttons = ARRAY_SIZE(keys_buff)
61 };
62 
63 static void keys_dev_release(struct device * dev)
64 {
65     printk("keys_dev_release! \n");
66 }
67 
68 /* [cgw]: 分配一个平台设备 */
69 static struct platform_device keys_platform_dev = {
70     .name         = "gpio-keys",
71     .id           = -1,
72     .dev = { 
73         .release = keys_dev_release,
74         .platform_data = (void *)&keys_dev,
75     },
76 };
77 
78 
79 static int keys_dev_init(void)
80 {
81     /* [cgw]: 注册keys_platform_dev平台设备 */
82     platform_device_register(&keys_platform_dev);
83     return 0;
84 }
85 
86 static void keys_dev_exit(void)
87 {
88     /* [cgw]: 注销keys_platform_dev平台设备 */
89     platform_device_unregister(&keys_platform_dev);
90 }
91 
92 module_init(keys_dev_init);
93 module_exit(keys_dev_exit);
94 
95 MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");


应用测试程序:

platform_test.c

 1 #include <sys/types.h>
 2 #include <sys/stat.h>
 3 #include <fcntl.h>
 4 #include <stdio.h>
 5 #include <poll.h>
 6 #include <signal.h>
 7 #include <sys/types.h>
 8 #include <unistd.h>
 9 #include <fcntl.h>
10 
11 #include <linux/input.h>
12 
13 
14 
15 int fd;
16 
17 void my_signal_fun(int signum)
18 {
19     struct input_event buttons_event;
20 
21     /* [cgw]: 异步通知产生时返回的数据 */
22     read(fd, &buttons_event, sizeof(struct input_event));
23 
24     /* [cgw]: 打印事件类型,事件码,事件值 */
25     printf("type: 0x%x code: 0x%x value: 0x%x\n", 
26            buttons_event.type,
27            buttons_event.code,  
28            buttons_event.value);
29 }
30 
31 int main(int argc, char **argv)
32 {
33     int ret, arg;
34     struct pollfd fds[1];
35     unsigned long ver = 0;
36 
37     fd = open("/dev/event1", O_RDWR | O_NONBLOCK);
38     
39     if (fd < 0)
40     {
41         printf("can't open!\n");
42     }
43 
44     ioctl(fd, EVIOCGVERSION, &ver);
45     printf("Ver:0x%x \n", ver);
46 
47     /* [cgw]: 设置文件标识符 */
48     fds[0].fd     = fd;
49     /* [cgw]: 设置应用程序要响应的事件 */
50     fds[0].events = POLLIN;
51 
52     while (1)
53     {
54         /* [cgw]: 休眠5S */
55         ret = poll(fds, 1, 5000);
56         
57         /* [cgw]: 唤醒或超时 */
58         //printf("wake up!\n");
59         if (ret == 0)
60         {
61             printf("time out\n");
62         }
63         else
64         {
65             my_signal_fun(arg);
66         }
67     }
68 
69     close(fd);
70     
71     return 0;
72 }

 

平台设备(platform_device) keys_platform_dev 是怎样找到与之匹配的平台驱动(platform_driver) gpio_keys_device_driver的呢?

因为他们都注册到了平台总线(platform_bus)上。平台驱动(platform_driver)和平台设备(platform_device)会相互查找彼此是否匹配,匹配的条件就是,

1 static int platform_match(struct device * dev, struct device_driver * drv)
2 {
3     struct platform_device *pdev = container_of(dev, struct platform_device, dev);
4 
5     return (strncmp(pdev->name, drv->name, BUS_ID_SIZE) == 0);
6 }

platform_device->name == platform_driver->driver->name 即他们的名字就是:“gpio-keys”

一旦匹配,就会调用

1 static int platform_drv_probe(struct device *_dev)
2 {
3     struct platform_driver *drv = to_platform_driver(_dev->driver);
4     struct platform_device *dev = to_platform_device(_dev);
5 
6     return drv->probe(dev);
7 }

drv->probe() = platform_driver->probe() = gpio_keys_probe()

这样平台驱动(platform_driver)就可以获得平台设备(platform_device)的 struct platform_device结构的数据了,即keys_platform_dev,从这个结构就可以获得相关配置,以使能平台驱动(platform_driver) gpio_keys.c中相应的IO和中断。

实验现象:

# insmod gpio_keys.ko                     //安装平台驱动(platform_driver)
# insmod keys_dev.ko                      //安装平台设备(platform_device)
input: gpio-keys as /class/input/input1
# ./platform_test                         //运行应用测试程序
Ver:0x10000                               //用ioctl获取输入子系统的版本号
type: 0x1 code: 0x2e value: 0x1           //按下"C"键
type: 0x0 code: 0x0 value: 0x0            //因为调用了input_sync()
type: 0x1 code: 0x2e value: 0x0           //松开(弹起)"C"键
type: 0x0 code: 0x0 value: 0x0            //因为调用了input_sync()
type: 0x1 code: 0x30 value: 0x1           //... ...
type: 0x0 code: 0x0 value: 0x0
type: 0x1 code: 0x30 value: 0x0
type: 0x0 code: 0x0 value: 0x0
type: 0x1 code: 0x1e value: 0x1
type: 0x0 code: 0x0 value: 0x0
type: 0x1 code: 0x1e value: 0x0
type: 0x0 code: 0x0 value: 0x0
type: 0x1 code: 0x20 value: 0x1
type: 0x0 code: 0x0 value: 0x0
type: 0x1 code: 0x20 value: 0x0
type: 0x0 code: 0x0 value: 0x0
time out
time out
time out

 

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