sudo命令详解,linux sudo命令参数选项、基本用法、高级应用,在/etc/sudo


sudo命令用来以其他身份来执行命令,预设的身份为root。在/etc/sudoers中设置了可执行sudo指令的用户。若其未经授权的用户企图使用sudo,则会发出警告的邮件给管理员。用户使用sudo时,必须先输入密码,之后有5分钟的有效期限,超过期限则必须重新输入密码。

语法

sudo(选项)(参数)

选项

-b:在后台执行指令;
-h:显示帮助;
-H:将HOME环境变量设为新身份的HOME环境变量;
-k:结束密码的有效期限,也就是下次再执行sudo时便需要输入密码;。
-l:列出目前用户可执行与无法执行的指令;
-p:改变询问密码的提示符号;
-s<shell>:执行指定的shell;
-u<用户>:以指定的用户作为新的身份。若不加上此参数,则预设以root作为新的身份;
-v:延长密码有效期限5分钟;
-V :显示版本信息。

参数

指令:需要运行的指令和对应的参数。

实例

配置sudo必须通过编辑/etc/sudoers文件,而且只有超级用户才可以修改它,还必须使用visudo编辑。之所以使用visudo有两个原因,一是它能够防止两个用户同时修改它;二是它也能进行有限的语法检查。所以,即使只有你一个超级用户,你也最好用visudo来检查一下语法。

visudo默认的是在vi里打开配置文件,用vi来修改文件。我们可以在编译时修改这个默认项。visudo不会擅自保存带有语法错误的配置文件,它会提示你出现的问题,并询问该如何处理,就像:

>>> sudoers file: syntax error, line 22 <<

此时我们有三种选择:键入“e”是重新编辑,键入“x”是不保存退出,键入“Q”是退出并保存。如果真选择Q,那么sudo将不会再运行,直到错误被纠正。

现在,我们一起来看一下神秘的配置文件,学一下如何编写它。让我们从一个简单的例子开始:让用户Foobar可以通过sudo执行所有root可执行的命令。以root身份用visudo打开配置文件,可以看到类似下面几行:

# Runas alias specification
# User privilege specificationroot    ALL=(ALL)ALL

我们一看就明白个差不多了,root有所有权限,只要仿照现有root的例子就行,我们在下面加一行(最好用tab作为空白):

foobar ALL=(ALL)    ALL

保存退出后,切换到foobar用户,我们用它的身份执行命令:

[foobar@localhost ~]$ ls /root
ls: /root: 权限不够

[foobar@localhost ~]$ sudo ls /root
PassWord:
anaconda-ks.cfg Desktop install.log install.log.syslog

好了,我们限制一下foobar的权利,不让他为所欲为。比如我们只想让他像root那样使用ls和ifconfig,把那一行改为:

foobar localhost=    /sbin/ifconfig,   /bin/ls

再来执行命令:

[foobar@localhost ~]$ sudo head -5 /etc/shadow
Password:
Sorry, user foobar is not allowed to execute '/usr/bin/head -5 /etc/shadow' as root on localhost.localdomain.

[foobar@localhost ~]$ sudo /sbin/ifconfigeth0      Linkencap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:14:85:EC:E9:9B...

现在让我们来看一下那三个ALL到底是什么意思。第一个ALL是指网络中的主机,我们后面把它改成了主机名,它指明foobar可以在此主机上执行后面的命令。第二个括号里的ALL是指目标用户,也就是以谁的身份去执行命令。最后一个ALL当然就是指命令名了。例如,我们想让foobar用户在linux主机上以jimmy或rene的身份执行kill命令,这样编写配置文件:

foobar    linux=(jimmy,rene)    /bin/kill

但这还有个问题,foobar到底以jimmy还是rene的身份执行?这时我们应该想到了sudo -u了,它正是用在这种时候。 foobar可以使用sudo -u jimmy kill PID或者sudo -u rene kill PID,但这样挺麻烦,其实我们可以不必每次加-u,把rene或jimmy设为默认的目标用户即可。再在上面加一行:

Defaults:foobar    runas_default=rene

Defaults后面如果有冒号,是对后面用户的默认,如果没有,则是对所有用户的默认。就像配置文件中自带的一行:

Defaults    env_reset

另一个问题是,很多时候,我们本来就登录了,每次使用sudo还要输入密码就显得烦琐了。我们可不可以不再输入密码呢?当然可以,我们这样修改配置文件:

foobar localhost=NOPASSWD:     /bin/cat, /bin/ls

再来sudo一下:

[foobar@localhost ~]$ sudo ls /rootanaconda-ks.cfg Desktop install.log
install.log.syslog

当然,你也可以说“某些命令用户foobar不可以运行”,通过使用!操作符,但这不是一个好主意。因为,用!操作符来从ALL中“剔出”一些命令一般是没什么效果的,一个用户完全可以把那个命令拷贝到别的地方,换一个名字后再来运行。

日志与安全

sudo为安全考虑得很周到,不仅可以记录日志,还能在有必要时向系统管理员报告。但是,sudo的日志功能不是自动的,必须由管理员开启。这样来做:

touch /var/log/sudo
vi /etc/syslog.conf

在syslog.conf最后面加一行(必须用tab分割开)并保存:

local2.debug                    /var/log/sudo

重启日志守候进程,

ps aux grep syslogd

把得到的syslogd进程的PID(输出的第二列是PID)填入下面:

kill –HUP PID

这样,sudo就可以写日志了:

[foobar@localhost ~]$ sudo ls /rootanaconda-ks.cfg
Desktop install.log
install.log.syslog
$cat /var/log/sudoJul 28 22:52:54 localhost sudo:   foobar :
TTY=pts/1 ; pwd=/home/foobar ; USER=root ; command=/bin/ls /root

不过,有一个小小的“缺陷”,sudo记录日志并不是很忠实:

[foobar@localhost ~]$ sudo cat /etc/shadow > /dev/null
cat /var/log/sudo...Jul 28 23:10:24 localhost sudo:   foobar : TTY=pts/1 ;
PWD=/home/foobar ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/cat /etc/shadow

重定向没有被记录在案!为什么?因为在命令运行之前,shell把重定向的工作做完了,sudo根本就没看到重定向。这也有个好处,下面的手段不会得逞:

[foobar@localhost ~]$ sudo ls /root > /etc/shadowbash: /etc/shadow: 权限不够

sudo 有自己的方式来保护安全。以root的身份执行sudo-V,查看一下sudo的设置。因为考虑到安全问题,一部分环境变量并没有传递给sudo后面的命令,或者被检查后再传递的,比如:PATH,HOME,SHELL等。当然,你也可以通过sudoers来配置这些环境变量。

实例基本用法

sudo命令使用

$ sudo ls
[sudo] password for hnlinux: 
hnlinux is not in the sudoers file. This incident will be reported.

指定用户执行命令

# sudo -u userb ls -l

显示sudo设置

$ sudo -L //显示sudo设置
Available options in a sudoers ``Defaults'' line:

syslog: Syslog facility if syslog is being used for logging
syslog_goodpri: Syslog priority to use when user authenticates successfully
syslog_badpri: Syslog priority to use when user authenticates unsuccessfully
long_otp_prompt: Put OTP prompt on its own line
ignore_dot: Ignore '.' in $PATH
mail_always: Always send mail when sudo is run
mail_badpass: Send mail if user authentication fails
mail_no_user: Send mail if the user is not in sudoers
mail_no_host: Send mail if the user is not in sudoers for this host
mail_no_perms: Send mail if the user is not allowed to run a command
tty_tickets: Use a separate timestamp for each user/tty combo
lecture: Lecture user the first time they run sudo
lecture_file: File containing the sudo lecture
authenticate: Require users to authenticate by default
root_sudo: Root may run sudo
log_host: Log the hostname in the (non-syslog) log file
log_year: Log the year in the (non-syslog) log file
shell_noargs: If sudo is invoked with no arguments, start a shell
set_home: Set $HOME to the target user when starting a shell with -s
always_set_home: Always set $HOME to the target user's home directory
path_info: Allow some information gathering to give useful error messages
fqdn: Require fully-qualified hostnames in the sudoers file
insults: Insult the user when they enter an incorrect password
requiretty: Only allow the user to run sudo if they have a tty
env_editor: Visudo will honor the EDITOR environment variable
rootpw: Prompt for root's password, not the users's
runaspw: Prompt for the runas_default user's password, not the users's
targetpw: Prompt for the target user's password, not the users's
use_loginclass: Apply defaults in the target user's login class if there is one
set_logname: Set the LOGNAME and USER environment variables
stay_setuid: Only set the effective uid to the target user, not the real uid
preserve_groups: Don't initialize the group vector to that of the target user
loglinelen: Length at which to wrap log file lines (0 for no wrap)
timestamp_timeout: Authentication timestamp timeout
passwd_timeout: Password prompt timeout
passwd_tries: Number of tries to enter a password
umask: Umask to use or 0777 to use user's
logfile: Path to log file
mailerpath: Path to mail program
mailerflags: Flags for mail program
mailto: Address to send mail to
mailfrom: Address to send mail from
mailsub: Subject line for mail messages
badpass_message: Incorrect password message
timestampdir: Path to authentication timestamp dir
timestampowner: Owner of the authentication timestamp dir
exempt_group: Users in this group are exempt from password and PATH requirements
passprompt: Default password prompt
passprompt_override: If set, passprompt will override system prompt in all cases.
runas_default: Default user to run commands as
secure_path: Value to override user's $PATH with
editor: Path to the editor for use by visudo
listpw: When to require a password for 'list' pseudocommand
verifypw: When to require a password for 'verify' pseudocommand
noexec: Preload the dummy exec functions contained in 'noexec_file'
noexec_file: File containing dummy exec functions
ignore_local_sudoers: If LDAP directory is up, do we ignore local sudoers file
closefrom: File descriptors >= %d will be closed before executing a command
closefrom_override: If set, users may override the value of `closefrom' with the -C option
setenv: Allow users to set arbitrary environment variables
env_reset: Reset the environment to a default set of variables
env_check: Environment variables to check for sanity
env_delete: Environment variables to remove
env_keep: Environment variables to preserve
role: SELinux role to use in the new security context
type: SELinux type to use in the new security context
askpass: Path to the askpass helper program
env_file: Path to the sudo-specific environment file
sudoers_locale: Locale to use while parsing sudoers
visiblepw: Allow sudo to prompt for a password even if it would be visisble
pwfeedback: Provide visual feedback at the password prompt when there is user input
fast_glob: Use faster globbing that is less accurate but does not access the filesystem
umask_override: The umask specified in sudoers will override the user's, even if it is more permissive

以root权限执行上一条命令

$ sudo !!

以特定用户身份进行编辑文本

$ sudo -u uggc vi ~www/index.html
//以 uggc 用户身份编辑  home 目录下www目录中的 index.html 文件

列出目前的权限

sudo -l

列出 sudo 的版本资讯

sudo -V

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