tr命令详解，linux tr命令参数选项、基本用法、高级应用,它可以将一组字符变成

tr命令详解，linux tr命令参数选项、基本用法、高级应用,它可以将一组字符变成

tr命令可以对来自标准输入的字符进行替换、压缩和删除。它可以将一组字符变成另一组字符，经常用来编写优美的单行命令，作用很强大。

语法

tr(选项)(参数)

选项

-c或——complerment：取代所有不属于第一字符集的字符；
-d或——delete：删除所有属于第一字符集的字符；
-s或--squeeze-repeats：把连续重复的字符以单独一个字符表示；
-t或--truncate-set1：先删除第一字符集较第二字符集多出的字符。

参数

字符集1：指定要转换或删除的原字符集。当执行转换操作时，必须使用参数“字符集2”指定转换的目标字符集。但执行删除操作时，不需要参数“字符集2”； 字符集2：指定要转换成的目标字符集。

实例

将输入字符由大写转换为小写：

echo "HELLO WORLD" | tr 'A-Z' 'a-z'
hello world

'A-Z' 和 'a-z'都是集合，集合是可以自己制定的，例如：'ABD-}'、'bB.,'、'a-de-h'、'a-c0-9'都属于集合，集合里可以使用'\n'、'\t'，可以可以使用其他ASCII字符。

使用tr删除字符：

echo "hello 123 world 456" | tr -d '0-9'
hello  world 

将制表符转换为空格：

cat text | tr '\t' ' '

字符集补集，从输入文本中将不在补集中的所有字符删除：

echo aa.,a 1 b#$bb 2 c*/cc 3 ddd 4 | tr -d -c '0-9 \n'
 1  2  3  4

此例中，补集中包含了数字0~9、空格和换行符\n，所以没有被删除，其他字符全部被删除了。

用tr压缩字符，可以压缩输入中重复的字符：

echo "thissss is      a text linnnnnnne." | tr -s ' sn'
this is a text line.

巧妙使用tr做数字相加操作：

echo 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | xargs -n1 | echo $[ $(tr '\n' '+') 0 ]

删除Windows文件“造成”的'^M'字符：

cat file | tr -s "\r" "\n" > new_file
或
cat file | tr -d "\r" > new_file

tr可以使用的字符类：

[:alnum:]：字母和数字
[:alpha:]：字母
[:cntrl:]：控制（非打印）字符
[:digit:]：数字
[:graph:]：图形字符
[:lower:]：小写字母
[:print:]：可打印字符
[:punct:]：标点符号
[:space:]：空白字符
[:upper:]：大写字母
[:xdigit:]：十六进制字符 

使用方式：

tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]'

实例基本用法

将文件testfile中的小写字母全部转换成大写字母，此时，可使用如下命令：

cat testfile |tr a-z A-Z 

testfile文件中的内容如下：

$ cat testfile         #testfile原来的内容  
Linux networks are becoming more and more common, 
but scurity is often an overlooked  
issue. Unfortunately, in today’s environment all networks 
are potential hacker targets,  
fro0m tp-secret military research networks to small home LANs.  
Linux Network Securty focuses on securing Linux in a 
networked environment, where the  
security of the entire network needs to be considered
rather than just isolated machines.  
It uses a mix of theory and practicl techniques to 
teach administrators how to install and  
use security applications, as well as how the 
applcations work and why they are necesary. 

使用 tr 命令大小写转换后，得到如下输出结果：

$ cat testfile | tr a-z A-Z #转换后的输出  
LINUX NETWORKS ARE BECOMING MORE AND MORE COMMON, BUT SCURITY IS OFTEN AN OVERLOOKED  
ISSUE. UNFORTUNATELY, IN TODAY’S ENVIRONMENT ALL NETWORKS ARE POTENTIAL HACKER TARGETS,  
FROM TP-SECRET MILITARY RESEARCH NETWORKS TO SMALL HOME LANS.  
LINUX NETWORK SECURTY FOCUSES ON SECURING LINUX IN A NETWORKED ENVIRONMENT, WHERE THE  
SECURITY OF THE ENTIRE NETWORK NEEDS TO BE CONSIDERED RATHER THAN JUST ISOLATED MACHINES.  
IT USES A MIX OF THEORY AND PRACTICL TECHNIQUES TO TEACH ADMINISTRATORS HOW TO INSTALL AND  
USE SECURITY APPLICATIONS, AS WELL AS HOW THE APPLCATIONS WORK AND WHY THEY ARE NECESARY. 

大小写转换，也可以通过[:lower][:upper]参数来实现。例如使用如下命令：

cat testfile |tr [:lower:] [:upper:] 

输出结果如下：

$ cat testfile | tr [:lower:] [:upper:] #转换后的输出  
LINUX NETWORKS ARE BECOMING MORE AND MORE COMMON, BUT SCURITY IS OFTEN AN OVERLOOKED  
ISSUE. UNFORTUNATELY, IN TODAY’S ENVIRONMENT ALL NETWORKS ARE POTENTIAL HACKER TARGETS,  
FROM TP-SECRET MILITARY RESEARCH NETWORKS TO SMALL HOME LANS.  
LINUX NETWORK SECURTY FOCUSES ON SECURING LINUX IN A NETWORKED ENVIRONMENT, WHERE THE  
SECURITY OF THE ENTIRE NETWORK NEEDS TO BE CONSIDERED RATHER THAN JUST ISOLATED MACHINES.  
IT USES A MIX OF THEORY AND PRACTICL TECHNIQUES TO TEACH ADMINISTRATORS HOW TO INSTALL AND  
USE SECURITY APPLICATIONS, AS WELL AS HOW THE APPLCATIONS WORK AND WHY THEY ARE NECESARY.